Top Networking Interview Questions and Answers

Networking is defined as the practice of transmitting and exchanging data between nodes over a shared medium in an information system. If you are preparing for your networking job, it is important to look at network engineer interview questions. You can also advance your skills in this field through online networking certification courses.

These networking interview questions will help both experienced and freshers ace the interview. With these questions, they can showcase their knowledge and impress potential employers.

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Networking Interview Questions and Answers

Now let us take a look at some of the most important networking interview questions and answers.

1. What is a network?

A. This is one of the basic networking questions you must know. A network is a system of computers and other devices that are connected together using communication channels. The purpose of a network is to allow computers and other devices to communicate with each other.

Networks can be used to connect computers in the same room or in different parts of the world. There are many different types of networks, including the Internet, which is the largest network in the world.

2. What is a ‘subnet’?

A. Subnet' is a broad term for a segment of a larger network that is frequently divided by a bridge or router. It regulates traffic flow and aids network performance by working with the network's broadcast domains. Subnets are used in networking for a variety of reasons, including:

• Getting rid of network congestion
• IP addresses are redistributed.
• Strengthening network security

Make sure to prepare for this topic in your list of top networking interview questions and answers.

3. What are the three primary types of networks?

A. The three primary types of networks are:

• Local area network (LAN): It refers to a network that links computers and devices within a confined geographic area.

• Wide area network (WAN): A WAN is a computer network that spans a large geographical area, often connecting multiple LANs.

• Metropolitan area network (MAN): A MAN is a computer network that covers a medium-sized geographic area, such as a city.

4. What is Network Cabling?

A. Direct connections between two systems are possible with network cables. It is a wire made up of multiple conductors isolated from one another. A wrap is frequently used to protect this cord, which improves its strength and flexibility.

Consider these while selecting a network cable:

• Make sure that the cable's surface finish
• Make sure that the length of the cable is covered well
• Make sure that there is the quickest data transmission
• Determine shielding and/or braiding, the type of sheathing that will be utilized to form the network

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5. Mention various types of network cables for networking

A. The various types of cables for networks you need to mention in your networking interview questions and answers are:

• Wireless LANs
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
• Fiber Optic Cable
• Cable Installation Guides
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
• Coaxial Cable

6. What are some of the benefits of networking?

A. One of the benefits of networking is that it can help you build relationships with other professionals in your field. Networking can also help you find mentors and sponsors who can offer advice and support. Additionally, networking can give you access to industry news, job postings, and opportunities for professional development.

Finally, networking can simply be a way to make new friends and build personal connections. This is another one of the important basic networking interview questions for freshers.

7. How can you evaluate networking solutions?

A. This amongst the basic networking interview questions for experienced is often asked in interviews. When evaluating networking solutions, it is important to first identify the specific needs of your business or organisation. Once you have done that, you can compare different networking solutions against those needs to see which one is the best fit.

8. What are the ‘client’ and ‘server’ in a network?

A. Clients and servers, within a network, are logically different entities that cooperate to complete a task through a network. The section of communication that requests a network service, (downloading a file, viewing a web page,) is called a client application.

So a server application is a communication piece that responds to customer requests by providing the appropriate service (transmitting the email, requested file, web page) computer applications like network printing, email, etc. utilise the client-server concept. This is another one of the simple yet crucial networking interview questions and answers.

9. What is a MAC address?

A. The full form of MAC is Media Access Control. MAC is a LAN card's distinctive 48-bit hardware address. It is typically stored in the ROM of the network adapter card. The MAC address of a network device/card is a distinctive identification given by the manufacturer. MAC is also called a hexadecimal digit-based physical address.

Each MAC address would be unique/distinct and separate from one another. For each specific device, the MAC address is theoretically determined and fixed. Knowing just the definition is not enough. Hence we cover the functions in the networking interview questions and answers.

A MAC address will have six pairs of digits. The first three pairs aid the user in identifying the manufactured, while the next three assist in identifying the individual model. A system can link to networks using a variety of technologies; as a result, it is typical to have a MAC address for Ethernet, one for Wi-Fi, and another for Bluetooth.

10. What is a ‘frame relay’ and in which layer does it operate?

A. Frame Relay is a digital packet-switched network protocol that connects local area networks (LANs) and transfers data over wide area networks (WANs). X.25 and Frame Relay both use some of the same underlying technologies.

It is based on the older X.25 packet-switching technology, which was created to share analogue data in the form of voice conversations. It is a rapid packet technology that is distinct from X.25. It was developed for analogue communications. Thus the protocol does not seek to repair faults. It's common to use leased T-1 lines to connect LANs to private network environments, primary backbones as well and public-wide area networks.

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11. What are the different features of Frame Relay?

There are different features of Frame Relay. It is crucial to learn them whilst preparing for networking interview questions and answers.

• It is a connectionless service, meaning that every data packet passing across the network carries address information.

• It is a service that offers rates ranging from 56 kbps to 25 Mbps. Despite the fact that the most popular speeds for the service are now 56 Kbps and 1,544 Mbs,

• The frames range in size from 512 bytes to 4,096 bytes.

• ISDN Frame Relay is a broadband ISDN service.

• It works at a high rate (1,544 Mbps to 44,376 Mbps).

• Only the data connectivity layers and the physical layers are affected. As a result, it is simple to use on the Internet.

• It has a massive 9000-byte frame size. As a result, it can handle any size local area network frame.

• Only errors can be detected using Frame Relay (at the data link layer). However, there is no flow or error control. It's a data link layer device.

12. How does a Frame Relay Work?

A. Do not forget the functions of Frame Relay, when you are studying networking interview questions and answers. It allows traffic from numerous connections to be multiplexed over a single physical channel. It packs data into single-frame relay messages using hardware components such as switches, router frames, and bridges. For channel addressing, each connection utilizes a 10-bit Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI).

Two types of connections: indirect and direct.

• PVC is the short-term for Permanent Virtual Circuit. It is designed to be maintained even if data is not actively exchanged for long periods of time.

• The full form of SVCs is Switchable Virtual Circuits. Users use SVCs to access single-session connectivity.

Frame Relay then handles the data in a variable-size unit called the frame, postponing any necessary error correction (data retransmission) to the endpoints, thus speeding up the overall data transmission.

13. What is the definition of 'beaconing'?

The practice of beaconing allows a network to self-repair network faults. This is one of the most common networking interview questions, and you should be prepared for the associated terms.

14. What is Network Topology?

One of the most crucial networking interview questions is this one. The physical or logical arrangement in which a network's devices or nodes (e.g. computers, hubs, printers, servers, routers, switches, and so on) are coupled through a communication medium is known as network topology. The physical topology, that is the physical layout of the cables, and the logical topology, which describes how the hosts access the media, are the two parts.

Network topologies

Bus - Each workstation is connected to a primary wire called a bus in a bus network design. As a result, each workstation on the network is effectively connected to every other computer on the network.

Star - In a star network topology, all workstations are directly linked to a central computer or server. Through the central computer, each workstation is indirectly linked to the others.

Ring - Workstations are linked in a closed-loop manner in the ring network topology. Direct connections are made between adjacent workstation pairs. Other sets of workstations are linked indirectly by one or more intermediate nodes, which transmit data between them.

Mesh - There are two kinds of mesh network topologies: complete mesh and partial mesh. Each workstation is connected directly to the entire mesh topology. Some workstations are linked to all of the others in the partial mesh architecture, while others are simply connected to the nodes with which they transfer more data.

Tree – In this type of networking topology, two or more star networks are joined. The primary bus connects the core computers in star networks. As a result, a tree network is a star network's bus network.

15. Define the terms "attenuation," "distortion," and "noise."

Because of the medium's resistance, a signal loses some of its energy as it travels across it. Attenuation is the term for this energy loss.

The form or shape of a signal may vary as it passes across a medium from one point to another. This is referred to as distortion.

Noise is unwelcome electromagnetic or electrical energy that impairs signal and data quality.

16. What is an IP address?

A. It is a network device's numerically distinct/unique address. Since IP (Internet Protocol) is a datagram-oriented connectionless protocol, there will be a header containing data (the destination IP address, the source IP address, etc. ) with each packet in order to be effectively transmitted.

There are two types of IPs –

Each computer system linked to or connected to a private network is given a set of numbers called a private IP address.

Default local addresses on a home router or a cell phone, for instance.

Public IP Addresses - These are addresses that are accessible to all internet users globally. The user needs to have an internet connection in order to link or connect such gadgets. One of the straightforward yet important networking questions and answers is this one.

17. How to find the IP address of a website?

A. Finding the IP address of a website or domain is simple and requires the procedures listed below:

• On your computer, press the "Start" button.

• "cdm" should be typed into the program and file browser.

• "Enter" should be pressed.

• The MS-DOS console will pop up, and you'll need to input "nslookup google.com" into it. You must type the domain name of the page you wish to examine instead of "google.com."

• Following that, you'll be able to see the IP address.

18. What is ‘bandwidth’?

A. The bandwidth refers to the limited range of frequencies that a line can convey. When people think of bandwidth, they think of Internet speed, but bandwidth is actually the quantity of data that can be sent through a connection in a given amount of time, measured in megabits per second (Mbps).

Our network's bandwidth, logically, will determine speed and quality. The more bandwidth we have, the faster we can move data, hence the more bandwidth we have, the better.

19. What are ‘firewalls’?

A. It is a network security system that is in charge of network traffic management. To prevent/avoid content filtering and remote access, it employs a set of security rules. Firewalls are used to protect computers and networks from malicious software (malware, viruses, worms) There are two types of firewalls: internal and external.

Physical — Also called a hardware firewall, a physical firewall. It is a physical device. It is situated between the server and the outside network. By examining incoming communications, they weed out any possible threats to the device. All significant organisations use this utility frequently.

Logical -A logical firewall, also known as a software firewall, can be set up anywhere on the network. Without needing them to rewire the network, it serves to protect their hosts. They frequently come pre-loaded with the OS and only serve to protect the system on which they are installed.

20. What is the function of a firewall?

A. One of the most common networking interview questions is this one. The firewall 'listens' for data packets that attempt to exit or enter the computer system. Blocking can be done depending on a number of factors, including the IP address to which they are being sent, the type of port used to send them, and the origin application.

The setting of firewalls, which determines which connections are banned and which are not, is one of the most difficult aspects of using them.

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21. What is the single biggest advantage of using a network?

A. The ability to share resources and information is the single biggest advantage of using a network. When you have a network, you can easily share files, printers, and other peripherals with everyone on the network.

This saves time and money, as well as reducing clutter in your office or home. In addition, networks allow you to communicate with others via e-mail and instant messaging, which can be a huge time saver.

22. How can you determine if a network will be beneficial for your company?

A. A network is beneficial for a company in numerous ways. It is essential to ask a few questions which are as follows:

• What are your company's networking goals?
• How large is your company?
• What is your company's budget for networking?
• What type of networking infrastructure does your company have in place?
• Does your company have the staff to manage a network?

23. Determine the difference between static and dynamic IP addressing.

A. If the system has a static IP address, then that system will always be configured with that same IP address. If the system has a dynamic IP address, then the IP address could alter frequently. It will also be managed by a centralised network service.

24. What are the various methods for data exchange?

A. The many methods for exchanging data are as follows:

• Simplex
• Half-duplex
• Full-duplex

25. What is the difference between a router and a switch?

A. Routers are devices that connect e-network segments. Paths, hops, and bottlenecks are all stored in the routing tables of these intelligent network devices. They operate in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Network Layer and determine the most correct data transfer paths.

A router's responsibilities include:

• Communication between networks
• The best path to take
• Forwarding of packets
• Filtering of packets

26. What are the criteria for a router's optimum path selection?

A. The path selection is determined by the following parameters:

• Prefix match with the longest prefix
• a minimum of AD (administrative distance)
• The statistic with the lowest value

27. What is the definition of a source route?

A. A datagram's source route is defined as a series of IP addresses that identify the datagram's path. The source route can also be included in the IP datagram header.

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28. What is a network protocol, and why is it important?

A. A network protocol serves as a standardised communication framework for devices in a network, specifying how data is formatted, transmitted, and received. Its significance lies in establishing a common language for devices, guaranteeing data integrity, efficient data transfer, and the seamless functioning of interconnected systems, promoting interoperability and facilitating the global internet's functionality.

29. What is data encapsulation?

A. It is the process of breaking down large amounts of data into smaller, more manageable chunks before sending it over the internet.

30. What is an IP address, and how is it used in networking?

A. An IP address, short for Internet Protocol address, is a distinctive numerical label allocated to every device within a network. It serves as a fundamental component in data transmission by enabling the routing of data packets, ensuring they reach their intended destination accurately across the internet or local networks.

31. How does a firewall protect a network?

A. A firewall is a network security device that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic. It protects a network by blocking unauthorised access and preventing malware and other security threats. This is one of the important basic networking interview questions and answers for freshers.

32. What are the different types of network cables, and how are they used?

A. The different types of network cables include coaxial, twisted pair, and fibre optic cables. Coaxial cables are used for cable television and high-speed internet. Twisted-pair cables are used for Ethernet networks, and fibre optic cables are used for high-speed data transmission over long distances.

33. How can a computer network be protected?

A. The following methods can be used to create a safe computer network. Throughout the network, install a trustworthy and up-to-date antivirus product.

• Ascertain that firewalls are correctly installed and configured.
• Ensure user authentication by monitoring firewall performance.
• Every quarter, change your passwords
• Establish a virtual private network (VPN) (VPN)

34. Mention the uses of the Hamming code.

A. Following are some of the common applications of using Hemming code:

• Modems
• Shielding wire
• Satellites
• Embedded Processor
• Computer Memory
• Open connectors
• PlasmaCAM

35. What are proxy servers, and how do they keep computer networks secure?

A. Proxy servers prevent external users from determining an internal network's IP addresses. They render a network practically invisible to external users, who are unable to determine a network's physical location without knowing the right IP address.

36. What are the differences between nodes and links?

A. Nodes are devices or data points that are part of a larger network. They are data-containing components of a bigger data structure. They also serve to connect additional nodes.

A link is a logical and physical network component that connects hosts or nodes in a network together. A physical communication medium, such as an optical fiber or coaxial cable, is used.

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37. What exactly is SLIP?

A. SLIP, or Serial Line Interface Protocol, is a remote access protocol that was established during the early days of UNIX.

Error detection is not provided by SLIP because it is handled by higher-layer protocols. As a result, SLIP alone will not work over a dial-up connection that is prone to errors. However, testing the operating system's reaction capabilities under load is still beneficial (looking at ping flood statistics). Such networking interview questions are frequently asked, and you should be prepared for them.

38. What is TCP/IP?

A. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the abbreviation for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It is a set of protocol layers intended to make data transfer across diverse networks easier.

39. How many layers does the TCP/IP Model have?

A. TCP/IP Model has four layers:

40. Explain the different layers in the OSI model.

A. This is one of the must-know networking interview questions. The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection) has seven layers:

41. What is a MAC address, and why is it used in networking?

A. A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique hardware address assigned to each network interface card (NIC) or network adapter. It is used to identify devices on a network at the Data Link layer and enables the delivery of data frames to the correct destination.

42. What are some of the most typical software issues that cause network issues?

A. It could be any of the following or a mix of them:

• Conflicts between applications
• Client/server issues
• Error in configuration
• Misalignment of protocols
• Concerns about security
• User policy & rights issues

This question is among the basic networking interview questions and you must prepare for such questions.

43. Why is network encryption necessary?

A. It is a technique for converting data from a readable to an unreadable format in order to guarantee network security. The user will need to enter a secret key or a password to decode the data. Not only for communications but also in situations where sensitive data needs to be protected, encryption is quite helpful.

To prevent illegal access, you can encode information on folders, discs, as well as individual files. Data encryption shields against several forms of assaults, including bank fraud and identity theft, in addition to safeguarding users' privacy. Preventing device loss and sensitive data theft is also advantageous.

44. What are the different kinds of errors?

A. There are two types of errors: grammatical and grammatical errors.

• The term "single-bit error" refers to a single-bit error per data unit.

• Burst error - A data unit with two or more bits faults.

45. What is a client-server model, exactly?

A. A communication framework for network operations is the client-server paradigm or architecture. This framework is distributed among service providers, service requestors, and clients and provides them transparent access to resources from a variety of platforms (computing services, data, organization-wide applications, etc.

• By collecting and verifying input data, generate database queries and reports
• Shared peripherals management
• User interface Management
• Client-Server Relationship Functions
• Concurrent access to shared databases can be controlled.
• Connect to other local or wide-area networks to establish communication relationships.

46. What is TELNET and how does it work?

A. This client-service protocol enables users to connect to remote devices and access them across a local area network or the internet. It is a bidirectional, engaging text-oriented networking facility that uses a virtual terminal connection in terms of technology. This is another one of the important computer network interview questions.

47. What is the meaning of RIP?

A. The term RIP stands for Routing Information Protocol in networking. It is a straightforward protocol for exchanging data between routers.

48. What is the difference between half-duplex and full-duplex?

A. It is the way two gadgets communicate with each other. Here, data is exchanged in both directions at the same time. A walkie-talkie is an excellent example of a half-duplex.

49. What is an IP subnet, and why is subnetting important?

A. This is one of the basic networking interview questions for freshers. An IP subnet is a portion of an IP network, typically divided for better network management and organisation. Subnetting is important because it allows for efficient use of IP addresses, better network segmentation, and improved security through network isolation.

50. What is DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), and how does it simplify IP address management?

A. DHCP is a network protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to devices on a network. It simplifies IP address management by automating the process of IP assignment, reducing the risk of IP conflicts, and centralising configuration management.

51. What is a peer-to-peer process, exactly?

A. The peer-to-peer process refers to the processes on each system that communicate at a specific layer. This is one of the simplest networking questions and answers.

52. What is anonymous FTP, and how does it work?

A. Users can gain access to files on public servers with the use of an anonymous FTP. The name comes from the fact that users can log in as anonymous guests.

53. What exactly is NAT?

A. Network Address Translation (NAT) is a protocol that allows a network device, such as a firewall, to assign a public address to a computer or computers within a private network.

54. Explain the concept of a router in networking and its role in packet forwarding.

A. A router is a network device that connects different networks and makes routing decisions to forward data packets between them. Routers use routing tables to determine the best path for data packets to reach their destination across multiple networks. This is amongst the top networking interview questions you must know.

55. What is the purpose of a gateway in networking, and how does it differ from a router?

A. A gateway is a device or software that connects two different networks using different communication protocols. It acts as an intermediary to facilitate communication between networks with distinct protocols. While a router primarily forwards data within a network, a gateway translates data between networks with different protocols.

56. What is a VPN (Virtual Private Network), and how does it enhance network security?

A. This is one of the basic networking interview questions and answers for freshers. A VPN is a technology that creates a secure and encrypted connection over a public network (usually the internet) to establish a private network. It enhances network security by encrypting data traffic, making it difficult for unauthorised users to intercept or access sensitive information transmitted over the VPN.

57. What is a subnet mask, and how does it determine the network and host portions of an IP address?

A. A subnet mask is a 32-bit number that divides an IP address into network and host portions. It consists of consecutive 1s followed by consecutive 0s. The 1s represent the network portion, and the 0s represent the host portion. The subnet mask is used to identify the network and host portions of an IP address, allowing for proper routing within a subnet.

58. Describe NAT in terms of networking.

A. Network Address Translation (NAT) is a mechanism for converting the IP address of a computer network into a single IP address for a local network. It takes all of your local network devices and assigns them a single IP address so they may share a single internet connection. In a local network, NAT is utilised by routers, computers, and firewalls.

59. What is a VLAN (Virtual LAN), and how does it improve network segmentation?

A. A VLAN is a logical grouping of network devices into separate broadcast domains, regardless of their physical location. It improves network segmentation by isolating traffic, enhancing security, and optimising network management. VLANs are configured at the Data Link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.

60. What is the difference between a hub, a switch, and a router in networking?

A. A hub is a basic networking device that operates at the Physical layer (Layer 1) and simply broadcasts data to all connected devices.

A switch operates at the Data Link layer (Layer 2) and intelligently forwards data only to the specific device that needs it.

A router operates at the Network layer (Layer 3) and connects different networks, making routing decisions based on IP addresses.

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61. What is ASCII, and what does it stand for?

A. The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is the acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

62. What exactly is Brouter?

A. Brouter is a device that serves as both a router and a bridge. It routes data to individual systems in a network and passes data between networks. You must know this type of networking interview questions for your preparation.

63. How does ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) contribute to network troubleshooting and diagnostics?

A. ICMP is a network protocol used for sending error messages and operational information about network conditions. It contributes to network troubleshooting and diagnostics by providing feedback on network status, helping identify issues, and enabling tools like ping and traceroute to test network connectivity. This is one of the common basic networking interview questions and answers for experienced professionals.

64. What is a proxy server, and how does it enhance network security and performance?

A. A proxy server acts as an intermediary between client devices and web servers. It enhances network security by filtering and caching web content, providing anonymity, and protecting internal network resources. Proxy servers can also improve performance by caching frequently requested web content, reducing bandwidth usage.

65. What is the difference between a firewall and an antivirus?

A. Both of these applications are used in networking to provide security.

In private networks such as intranets, a firewall blocks illegal access. It does not, however, provide protection against adware, viruses, or spyware.

An antivirus program safeguards a computer against dangerous software, viruses, spyware, and adware.

Although you may believe such networking interview questions to be basic, interviewers prefer them because interviewees frequently leave such networking interview questions behind when preparing.

66. What steps will you take to retrieve data from a virus-infected computer?

A. In a virus-free machine, we will install an OS and update the antivirus, then connect the infected system's hard disk as a secondary drive. Following that, the hard drive will be cleaned and scanned. Copying data into the system is now possible.

67. What is ipconfig, and what does it do?

A. Internet Protocol Configuration is abbreviated as 'ipconfig.' To examine and configure the network interface on Microsoft Windows, we use ipconfig. It helps to adjust the DHCP protocol and DNS settings by displaying all TCP/IP network summary information on a network.

68. Describe the difference between TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) in networking.

A. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked data transmission. It is used for applications where data integrity is critical, such as web browsing and file transfers.

UDP is a connectionless protocol that offers fast and lightweight data transmission but does not guarantee delivery or error checking. It is used for real-time applications like video streaming and online gaming.

69. What is the purpose of an SSL/TLS certificate in web security, and how does it work?

A. An SSL/TLS certificate is used to secure and encrypt data exchanged between a web server and a client's web browser. It authenticates the identity of the server and enables secure, encrypted communication. It works by encrypting data with public and private keys, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity during transmission.

70. How does a load balancer contribute to network scalability and availability?

A. A load balancer distributes incoming network traffic across multiple servers or resources to improve scalability, availability, and fault tolerance. It ensures that no single server is overwhelmed with traffic, thereby enhancing application performance and minimising downtime.

71. Define NVT. How does it work?

A. NVT (Network Virtual Terminal) is a virtual terminal that represents a primary terminal. You can use this virtual terminal to start a telnet session. Make sure to know its function while you prepare for computer networks interview questions.

72. Define BGP. How does it work?

A. BGP, or Border Gateway Protocol, is a data and information transfer protocol that is utilised between distinct host gateways or autonomous systems.

73. What is a DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack, and how can network administrators mitigate its impact?

A. This is one of the basic networking interview questions for experienced individuals. A DDoS attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt the normal functioning of a network, service, or website by overwhelming it with a flood of traffic from multiple sources.

Network administrators can mitigate its impact by implementing intrusion detection systems (IDS), intrusion prevention systems (IPS), and traffic filtering measures to identify and block malicious traffic patterns.

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74. Explain the concept of QoS (Quality of Service) in networking and its role in ensuring network performance.

A. QoS is a set of network management techniques that prioritise certain types of data traffic to ensure consistent and predictable network performance. It allocates network resources to critical applications, such as voice and video, while managing and controlling bandwidth to prevent congestion.

75. What is a subnet and why is it used in IP addressing?

A. A subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network, created to improve network management, security, and organisation. It allows for the division of a large IP network into smaller, more manageable segments. Subnetting is used to efficiently allocate IP addresses, control broadcast domains, and enhance network security.

76. What are the most common functional units in client/server software?

A. The following are the most common functional units seen in client/server applications:

• Data (e.g., Bank account records)
• Logic in business (e.g., Account balance inquiry)
• User interface or presentation logic (e.g. ATMs)

77. What is a Gateway?

A. A gateway is a piece of hardware that connects two or more networks. It can be any equipment capable of regulating network traffic such as a router, firewall, server, etc.

78. Describe the purpose of ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) in networking.

A. ARP is a protocol used to map an IP address to a corresponding MAC address in a local network. It ensures that data frames are correctly delivered within the local network by resolving IP addresses to physical hardware addresses. This is one of the frequently asked network engineer interview questions.

79. Why is NAT (Network Address Translation) commonly used in private networks?

A. NAT is a technique that modifies the source or destination IP addresses in packet headers to allow multiple devices within a private network to share a single public IP address for internet access. It is commonly used in private networks to conserve public IP addresses and enhance network security by hiding internal IP addresses.

80. Describe the various types of VPNs.

A. VPNs are divided into two categories:

Access from afar VPS (Virtual Private System):

A Remote Access VPN establishes a secure connection between a device (such as a smartphone, laptop, or tablet) and the business network. It enables a client to connect to a private network and remotely access all of its resources and services. The link between the user and the private network takes place over the Internet in a secure manner. It is a low-cost option that may be used by both businesses and individuals.

Router-to-Router or Site-to-Site VPS (Virtual Private System):

This VPN is most commonly used to connect the networks of multiple offices in different locations in large enterprises with multiple branches. It is divided into two sub-categories:

• Intranet VPN: It is a type of Site-to-Site VPN that allows multiple offices of the same firm to connect. It's widely used to connect distant offices in different geographic areas utilizing shared infrastructure (servers and internet connectivity) and the same access policies as a private WAN (wide area network).

• Extranet VPN: It enables organisations to connect to another company's office using the Site-to-Site VPN type. It connects suppliers, customers, partners, and other stakeholders with a shared intranet infrastructure and dedicated connections.

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81. What exactly is EGP? What are the benefits?

A. Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) stands for "Exterior Gateway Protocol." It is used to communicate net-reachability data between Internet gateways in the same or separate autonomous systems. The router protocol is known as EGP. It is utilised to determine which networks you will be able to access from within or via each independent system.

Networking Interview Questions and Answers For Experienced Candidates

Let us dive into the networking interview questions for experienced candidates.

82. Describe 10Base-T?

A. One of the important network engineer interview questions in this list, the answer is as follows. The 10Mbps data transfer rate is defined by the 10Base-T standard. Here, the word "Base" refers to baseband rather than broadband. The twisted pair refers to the letter "T." This type is a cable.

83. What are user support layers?

Another one of the simplest computer networks interview questions, the answer is:

• Session Layer
• Application Layer
• Presentation Layer

84. What is piggybacking and how does it work?

A. It refers to the process of gaining access to a restricted communications channel by utilizing an already established session by another user. Bidirectional procedures are believed to be more efficient when using this strategy.

85. Define asynchronous transmission.

A. This manner of communication is serial. Each character in this data transfer mechanism is a standalone unit. In an asynchronous transmission, there will be a 'start' and 'end' bits for each character. Additionally, there will be an uneven delay between them. This is another one of the key network engineer interview questions.

86. Define synchronous transmission.

A. It is an ongoing signal-based data stream. It is accompanied by consistent temporal signals. These signals are produced by the external clocking device, ensuring synchronisation between the senders and receivers.

87. What is the purpose of a MAC address, and how is it used in Ethernet networking?

A. A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique hardware address assigned to each network interface card (NIC) in an Ethernet network. It is used to identify devices on the local network segment and is crucial for proper frame delivery within the Data Link layer (Layer 2).

88. What is the definition of Process Sigma?

A. Process Sigma is a metric that measures the frequency with which a task is completed without errors. On a normal distribution, it is stated as a number of standard deviations. Make sure to learn such definitions for the network engineer interview questions.

89. What is an FMEA analysis?

A. Failure Mode Effect and Analysis is the expanded form of FMEA. It is a methodical and qualitative methodology for identifying probable system failure modes, as well as their causes and effects.

90. What is the backbone network, and what does it do?

A. It is a centralised infrastructure that distributes data and multiple routes to numerous networks. They link LANs and WANs, as well as handle bandwidth and multiple channel management.

91. What is OSPF, and how does it work?

A. The acronym OSPF stands for Open Shortest Path First. This routing protocol uses the link-state routing (LSR) method to determine the most efficient data transfer path.

92. Explain the concept of a subnet mask and how it affects IP addressing.

A. A subnet mask is a 32-bit number used to divide an IP address into network and host portions. It consists of consecutive 1s followed by consecutive 0s. The 1s indicate the network portion, while the 0s indicate the host portion.

The subnet mask determines the size of the network and the number of available hosts within that network. This type of network security engineer interview questions must be in your preparation list.

93. What are Data Link Protocols, and what do they do?

A. Data Link protocols are the set of requirements that are utilised to establish the data link layer. The following are the several types of Data Link protocols:

Bit Oriented protocols

• Character Oriented Protocols

• Asynchronous Protocols

• Synchronous Protocols

94. What are the functions of a Network Layer?

A. Keep note of these types of computer networks interview questions. The Network Layer, also known as OSI Layer 3, provides services for exchanging discrete sections of data between specified end devices across the network. Layer 3 employs four basic steps to complete this end-to-end transport:

• Addressing
• Encapsulation
• Routing
• Decapsulation

95. What is DNS (Domain Name System), and why is it essential for internet communication?

A. DNS is a system that translates human-readable domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into IP addresses that computers can understand. It is essential for internet communication because it simplifies the process of accessing websites and resources by using easily memorable domain names rather than numeric IP addresses.

96. How does a firewall contribute to network security?

A. A firewall is a network security device that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It contributes to network security by blocking unauthorised access, preventing malware and other security threats from entering the network, and enforcing security policies.

97. Is it possible to connect a computer network with RG59 and RG6 cables?

A. Whilst preparing for the network engineer interview questions, this is one of the must-know questions. The computer network does not employ RG59 or RG6 connections. These cables are intended for use with the cable television network.

98. What are various types of links used to develop a computer network?

A. The various types of links used to develop a computer network are as :

• Cables
• Wireless Links
• Last-Mile Links
• Leased Lines

99. Describe the difference between a hub and a router in networking, and their respective roles.

A. This is one of the most asked basic networking interview questions and answers for freshers. A hub is a basic networking device that operates at the Physical layer (Layer 1) and simply broadcasts data to all connected devices.

A router is a more sophisticated device that operates at the Network layer (Layer 3) and connects different networks, making routing decisions based on IP addresses.

A hub primarily forwards data within a network, while a router connects multiple networks and makes routing decisions between them. You must practice this type of networking interview questions and answers.

100. How does DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) simplify IP address management?

A. DHCP is a network protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to devices on a network. It simplifies IP address management by automating the process of IP assignment, reducing the risk of IP conflicts, and centralising configuration management. This amongst the networking interview questions must be in your preparation list.

101. What makes the IP protocol a connectionless protocol?

A. As it does not establish a connection before transferring data to the endpoint, the IP protocol is referred to as a connectionless protocol.

102. Explain the role of ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) in networking and its significance in troubleshooting.

A. ICMP is a network protocol used for sending error messages and operational information about network conditions. It is significant in troubleshooting because it provides feedback on network status, helps identify issues, and enables tools like ping and traceroute to test network connectivity and diagnose problems.

103. How does Virtual Private Network (VPN) ensure secure communication over public networks?

A. The VPN technology creates a secure and encrypted connection over a public network (usually the internet) to establish a private network. It ensures secure communication by encrypting data traffic, making it challenging for unauthorised users to intercept or access sensitive information transmitted over the VPN.

104. How does NAT (Network Address Translation) enable multiple devices to share a single public IP address?

A. NAT modifies the source or destination IP addresses in packet headers to allow multiple devices within a private network to share a single public IP address for internet access. It achieves this by mapping internal private IP addresses to a single public IP address, keeping track of the translations in a NAT table. This is amongst the must-know networking interview questions.

105. What are the five applications that utilize TCP ports?

A. The five applications are as follows:

• Telnet
• POP
• FTP
• SMTP
• SSH

106. Describe the concept of a DNS server and its role in resolving domain names to IP addresses.

A. A DNS server is a specialisedṣ server responsible for translating domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into corresponding IP addresses. When a user enters a domain name into a web browser, the DNS server is queried to resolve the domain to an IP address, enabling the browser to connect to the correct web server. This type of networking interview questions is important to practice.

107. What is the name of the unit used to measure Ethernet transmission speed?

A. The transmission speed of Ethernet is measured in megabits per second (Mbps).

108. What is the name of the switching mechanism that was utilised to look up the target Mac address?

A. Cut Through is the switching strategy used to find the destination Mac address.

109. Mention Cisco routers that employ DDR.

A. Dial-on-demand routing (DDR) is a method of generating and terminating circuit-switched sessions. It provides low-volume, periodic traffic with on-demand routing.

110. How many access lists are necessary per interface?

A. One access list per interface and protocol can be used.

111. What are the options for converting user data from DTE to WAN Service Form?

A. We can use the TA/NT1, Modem, and CSU/DSU to convert user data from DTE to WAN Service Form.

112. What are the different types of technologies utilised in developing WAN links?

A. There are different types of technologies utilised in developing WAN links. They are as follows:

• Analog connections – utilise conventional telephone lines

• Switched connections – utilise various sets of links between the receiver and sender to transfer information.

• Digital connections – utilise digital-grade telephone lines

113. For a straight-through cable, what are the normal colour sequences?

A. Blue/white, blue, Orange/white, brown/white, brown, orange, green/white, and green, are the standard colour sequences for a straight-through cable. This is one of the simple yet noteworthy network engineer interview questions.

114. Define Network Interface Card (NIC).

A. A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a device that connects computers to a network. Internal network cards and external network cards are the two types of network cards.

115. What is the Agile Sliding Window?

A. The transmitter and receiver in the Sliding Window must deal with reasonable sequence numbers. With the sender and receiver in mind, this abstract idea determines the range of sequence numbers.

116. What is SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)?

A. The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a protocol that is used to send and receive internal mail across many networks. It communicates with the Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) and sends mail across the TCP/IP protocol stack.

117. What is the IEEE's function in computer networking?

A. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a group of engineers who oversee electrical and electronic device standards. Networking equipment, cabling, network interfaces, and connections are all involved. Make sure to be thorough with this one whilst preparing for network engineer interview questions.

118. Mention the merits of PAN.

A. PAN has many merits:

• Affordable
• No need for extra space. Because it does not require any cables and wires.
• Offices, TV and AC rooms, conferences, and meetings use PAN.
• Offers multiple device connectivity simultaneously.

119. What are other WPAN examples?

A. WPAN devices include TV remotes, wireless keyboards, smartphones, wireless printers, BlueTooth, Wibree, and Wireless USB .

120. Identify the TCP IP protocol suite layers that are used in a link-layer switch.

A. A link-layer switch is used with the data-link layer and physical layer in the TCP IP protocol.

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Conclusion

Networking interview questions can be challenging, however, there are plenty of resources available to help you prepare. With the right knowledge and practice, you can tackle any question that comes your way in an interview.

Keep these top network engineer interview questions in mind as you practise answering them and review relevant topics. With these questions, you will be able to ace the interview for a network engineer role.